Pseudopanax crassifolius
Lancewood / Horoeka
Description:
Pseudopanax crassifolius is a distinctive New Zealand native tree renowned for its dramatic transformation from juvenile to adult form. In its juvenile stage, which can last between 15 to 20 years, the tree features a single, unbranched stem adorned with long, narrow, downward-pointing, leathery leaves up to 1 meter in length. These leaves are dark green with prominent central ribs and irregular teeth, giving the plant a striking, almost alien appearance. As the tree matures, it develops a rounded canopy with shorter, broader leaves and begins to branch, eventually reaching heights of up to 15 meters.
Growth Habit:
- Height: Up to 15 meters when mature
- Width: Approximately 2–3 meters
- Foliage: Transition from long, narrow juvenile leaves to shorter, broader adult leaves
- Flowers: Small, greenish-white, star-shaped flowers in summer to early autumn
- Fruit: Dark purple to black berries on female plants
Habitat:
Endemic to New Zealand, Pseudopanax crassifolius is found throughout the country from sea level up to about 750 meters in lowland to montane shrublands and forests.
🌿 Cultural Significance:
In Māori culture, horoeka holds notable importance. The juvenile leaves' midribs were traditionally used as bootlaces and for fixing horse bridles and harnesses by early European settlers. Māori also utilized the stems of juvenile trees to spear kererū (native wood pigeons) and crafted paintbrushes for rock art from the leaves. Additionally, the flexible trunks of young trees were fashioned into tokotoko (ceremonial walking sticks).
🌱 Cultivation Requirements:
- Light: Prefers full sun to partial shade
- Soil: Thrives in well-drained soils; tolerates poor or dry soils once established
- Water: Moderate water needs; drought-tolerant once established
- Hardiness: Suitable for USDA zones 9a–11
- Maintenance: Low; remove dead or damaged leaves to maintain appearanceNotable Characteristics:
- Highly tolerant of wind and coastal conditions
- Slow-growing and long-lived
- Provides architectural interest in gardens and landscapes
Pseudopanax crassifolius is not only a striking ornamental tree but also a significant species in New Zealand's natural and cultural heritage. Its unique growth pattern and resilience make it a valuable addition to both native plantings and modern landscape designs.
